Composting
Composting transforms suitable organic materials into a stable material that can be returned to the garden. It is both a useful soil-management practice and a way to recycle many organic materials.
What Goes Into Compost
Compost commonly contains a mixture of carbon-rich materials and nitrogen-rich materials.
Brown materials may include dry leaves, while green materials may include fresh plant matter.
Moisture and Air
Compost organisms need moisture and oxygen. A pile that is excessively wet may become poorly aerated, while an extremely dry pile decomposes slowly.
Turning or otherwise aerating compost can help maintain oxygen.
Building a Compost Pile
Combine appropriate materials and maintain reasonable moisture. Chop large materials when practical because smaller pieces generally break down faster.
Finished Compost
Finished compost is dark and crumbly and has a relatively earthy smell. Original materials should be difficult to recognize.
Using Compost
Finished compost can be incorporated into suitable garden soil or used as a surface amendment.
Do not assume compost replaces all fertilizer requirements. Compost nutrient levels vary.
What Not to Add
Follow local guidance regarding meat, dairy, pet waste, invasive weeds, and other materials that may create health, pest, or contamination problems.
Understanding the Compost Process
Composting depends on microorganisms breaking down organic material. They require suitable moisture, oxygen, carbon-rich material, nitrogen-rich material, and appropriate environmental conditions.
Compost Troubleshooting
| Problem | Possible cause | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|
| Very slow decomposition | Too dry, cold, or carbon-heavy | Adjust moisture and materials |
| Strong unpleasant odor | Poor aeration or excessive moisture | Turn and rebalance |
| Pile dries quickly | Too little moisture | Add water gradually |
| Material remains recognizable | Large pieces or slow materials | Chop and mix |
| Pile collapses quickly | Organic material decomposed | Add fresh material if needed |
Composting Does Not Need to Be Perfect
A home compost pile does not have to reach laboratory conditions to produce useful organic material. Consistency and reasonable balance are more important than constant monitoring.
Using Compost Safely
Use finished compost rather than partially decomposed material when incorporating it into garden areas. Follow appropriate food-safety practices if compost is being used around edible crops.
Compost as Part of Soil Management
Compost is an amendment, not a universal fertilizer replacement. Its nutrient content varies.
Use compost to improve organic matter and soil condition while relying on soil tests and crop needs to guide nutrient management.
Conclusion
Composting is a skill that becomes easier with practice. Use the principles in this guide as a foundation, observe how they apply in your own garden, and adjust your approach as you gain experience.